Stem Cell based Therapies for Lung diseases:
Current advancements in stem cell research allow cell-based therapies in the treatment of lung diseases.  Cell-based therapies using stem cells to regenerate lung tissue have experienced a rapid growth. Stem cells are a population of undifferentiated cells characterized by three main functions: 1) ability of self-renew 2) clonality generally arising from a single cell 3) potency to differentiate into different type of cells or tissues.
Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to generate all lineages of body and include embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). Adult lung is architecturally complex as a hierarchical model of homoeostasis, and is made up of more than 40 distinct types of cells and it is possible to produce part of the upper, lower airway or the alveolar tissue.  Significant progress has recently been achieved using decellularized or synthetic scaffolds to generate tracheal cartilage as well as tendon tissue in diaphragm for clinical application. The generation of lower airway and alveolar tissues is more challenging and restricted to animal studies presently. Seeding somatic lung progenitor cells onto synthetic polymer scaffold in vitro or implanted in vivo promoted cell differentiation. The in vivo transplantation caused an inflammatory response which disrupted lung development.
Stem cell therapy to be a promising approach for chronic lung diseases. Studies have confirmed the capability of Epithelial stem/progenitor cells ( EpiSPCs), Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs), and Endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs) from adult lung to facilitate tissue repair and regeneration in a number of pulmonary diseases. Stem cell therapy in lung regenerative medicine is still in its beginning and many challenges remains to explore.

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